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Type of bind: Paperback
Dewey Decimal Number: 327.127304709045
EAN num: 9780295986869
ISBN number: 0295986867
Label: University of Washington Press
Manufacturer: University of Washington Press
Quantity: 1
Page Count: 184
Printing Date: May 15, 2007
Publishing house: University of Washington Press
Sale Popularity Level: 509001
Studio: University of Washington Press
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Much has been said and written about the failure of U.S. intelligence to prevent the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, and its overestimation of Iraq's weapons of mass destruction under Saddam Hussein. This book focuses instead on the central role that intelligence-collection systems play in promoting arms control and disarmament. Ambassador Thomas Graham Jr. and Keith Hansen bring more than fifty combined years of experience to this discusion of the capabilities of technical systems, which are primarily based in space. Their history of the rapid advancement of surveillance technology is a window into a dramatic reconceptualization of Cold War strategies and policy planning. Graham and Hansen focus on the intelligence sucesses against Soviet strategic nuclear forces and the quality of the intelligence that has made possible accurate assessments of WMD programs in North Korea, Iran, and Libya. Their important insights shed a much-needed light on the process of verifying how the world harnesses the proliferation of nuclear arms and the continual drive for advancements in technology.
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Spy Satellites and Other Intelligence Technologies That Changed History
Back in the deepest depths of the Cold War and the "bomber gap", and the infamous "missile gap", President Eisenhower proposed to to the Soviet Union after the death of Stalin the "open skies". But since the US is an open society it was easy for USSR attaches and agents to procure all the maps and guides, they wanted, while in the Soviet Union, in which its own citizens are subject to internal passport control of their movements, all foreigners were constantly tailed and subjected to movement restriction.
Afte his proposal was summarily rejected by the paranoid Soviet leaders, Eisenhower authorized the construction of the U2 by the famous "Skunk Works" (c.f.)for the CIA. As a military commander he had made much good use of "all source" materials including the highest security ULTRA sigint. (The Bulge offensive had surprised everyone because the Germans used landlines for communication and the bad weather prevented recon aircraft from flying missions.)
During the early 50s,there were peripheral flights for sigint and some brief penetration missions from the Baltic and weather and atmospheric sampling in the Far East which revealed the soviet atomic bomb tests.
The U2 was successful but when Francis Gary Powers was shot down over the Soviet Union and survived, the world knew the truth. Though the U2 never overflew the USSR again it had a long and useful career, participating in the Cuban Missile Crisis.
The principal agency for foreign mapping in 1963 for US forces was the Army Map Service, a sub-command of the Army Corps of Engineers. A late sixties issue of the National Geographic magazine discussed the Engineer's Discoverer program in detail. This eventually was absorbed into the "Deep Black" (c.f.) program and nothing more was heard of it until the existence of the National Reconnaissance Office and the Corona program were revealed in the 1970s. All that photo based material has long since lost any military value especially the Soviet Union collapsed.
Today after the end of the Cold War, the space programs at Tyuratam, now in Kazakhistan, were opened to the market place, and vast stocks of once classified maps and charts and the imagery as well have been available for many years now on the open market.
Ike though, bided his time, even though the German expatriate group headed by Wernher von Braun (c.f) could have launched a satelite earlier the US Navy program, untainted by any historical allegations, sat poised to launch. Kruschev made the very first move and since the Sputnik was an orbital vehicle which passed over most of the globe in each day, Ike now saw the way clear to openly begin launches, and did not protest but stated the obvious, that the free passage of Sputnik was an acceptable fait de accompli.
As it was the very first Soviet space vehicles were litle more than stunts, useful pay loads and heavy lifts of reconnaissance and sigint sensors were lacking. Instead one carried an unfortunate monkey who died before he could be retrieved. So with the launch Kruschev had outfoxed himself.
Other nations have since entered the imagery and sensor market, notably France and India (c.f.)Though geographers refer to all this material as remote sensing the public still thinks in terms of spying.
Where the term "Green Door" comes in, is when I very first came to work at the Army Map Service in 1963, there were two parts to the building complex where the analysis was done; the "open side" which was open to tours and visitors and was publicized in a routine matter. This work required only a secret clearance for most as most of the analysts (area specialists) were DPs from the WWII era and many had relatives in the soviet controlled portion of Europe and we had a few ex Nationalist Chinese as well.
The Green Door was a Top Secret facility with special accesses needed. At first, the clearances were so severe, that even those with Canadian and other Commonwealth origin spouses were summarily refused just because of the expense involved in investigating them.
One day I came to work and in the lobby was a model of the new building. Coming back it was no longer to be seen. In any case, the whole building was a photographic processing facility where the raw imagery from the U2 and then Corona was processed. It is no longer used for that at all. There in the basement was the famous "slab" a vibration and motion dampened chamber where stellar navigation techniques were used to locate the images' exact geographic position after the film had been processed, the entire upper story was labled on the elevator PH which I thought for many a year meant penthouse, on the other hand it contained huge vats of photographic chemicals for mass processing of the imagery to distribution to our and other agencies.
the whole very first floor and basement were clean rooms with the occupants wearing whites ... Read More
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